Moras prinsipál iha animál

Dr. Acacio Cardoso Amaral

Materia hanorin ba estudante sira iha Departamentu Saude Animal no Agropecuria, UNTL no Produsaun Animal, Instituto Politécnico Betano

Tópiku

I. Bakteria

1. Brucelose (Brucellosis);
2. Tuberculose (Tuberculosis);
3. Leptospirose (Leptospirosis);
4. Peripneumonia;
5. Clostridioses (Clostridiosis);
6. Salmoneloses (Salmonellosis);
7. Clamidiose (Clamidiosis);
8. Septicaemia Hemorrhagica.

II. Moras Viral

1. Raiva (Rabies);
2. Febre aftosa (Foot and Mouth Disease);
3. Lingua azul (Blue tongue);
4. Gripe aviaria (Avian influenza);
5. Newcastle Disease;
6. Peste Suina classica (CSF);
7. IBR;
8. Doenca de Gumboro;
9. Doenca das mucosas (Mucosal disease).

III. Moras Parazita

1. sarnas (scabies);
2. Leismaniose (Leishmaniasis);
3. Theileriose (Theileriasis);
4. Anaplasmose (Anaplasmosis);
5. Babesiose (Babesiosis);
6. Coccidiose (Coccidiosis);
7. Fasciliose (Fascioliasis);
8. Hipodermose (Hypodermiasis);
9. Tripanossomiase (Trypanosomiasis);
10. Ascaridiose (Ascaridiasis);
11. Oncocercose (Oncocercosis).

Valor

• Nota final kompostu hosi:
• Prezensa:……………….......…..…..5%
• Seminar/relatorio:………….............10%
• Teste medio:……… ...………..........30%
• Teste final:………..…….....………..30%
• Pratica………………………….......25%
• Total………………………….........100%

Relatoriu grupu

• Cover (sampul)
• Mean: moras karau
• Kinur : moras Fahi
• Azul: Moras manu
• Cor de Rosa: Moras kuda
• Cor castanha: Bibi (malae/Timor)

Formatu relatoriu

• Naran groupo & numero estudante
• Introdusaun
• Diskusaun
• Konklusaun
• Referencia

Principais Doencas dos Animais parte I (Doença bacterianas)

1. Brucelose (Brucellosis);
2. Tuberculose (Tuberculosis);
3. Leptospirose (Leptospirosis);
4. Clostridioses (Clostridiosis);
5. Salmoneloses (Salmonellosis);
6. Clamidiose (Clamidiosis);
7. Septicaemia Hemorrhagica;

Ad. I.1 Brucellosis

Naran no Kauza

Naran seluk: Moras abortu contagiosa (contagious abortion) ou Bang’s Disease

Kauza: 

• Brucella abortus (karau)
• B. suis (fahi), maibe bele mos afekta karau no ema (tuir hemu susu)
• B. militensis (bibi), bele mos afekta karau
• B. ovis (bibi malae), la afekta karau

Siná klinika

• B. abortus lokaliza iha area genital (uterus, udder (putting susu), testicle, seminal vesicles), junta ruin (joints) no lymph nodes;
• Wainhira animal hetan infeksaun sei iha mudansa pathologia ba orgaun sira iha leten
• Abortu dala barak akontese ba karau nebe kabuk entre fulan 4 too 9.

Animál nebe afekta mak:

• Karau;
• bibi (timor/malae);
• fahi;
• kuda;
• ema.

Abortu akontese tamba infeksaun afekta cotyledon

Tan tuir Cotyledon ran husi inan nia knu’uk (uterus) pasa ba memebran foetus

Wainhira juncta cotyledon ne’e destroy, fornesimentu raan  ba oan la iha no foetus mate

Cotyledon

Discharge:tamba inflamasaun husi uterus, uterus nia kakorok no Vagina

Dalaruma mosu: hygroma (ruin junta sai bubu, mas la moras, ex. Ain tur

Testicle nebe bubu (1 ou 2 hotu)

Hygroma (Photo  African wildlife Diseases website)

Metodu diagnosa

• Kolleta amostra raan atu halo teste aglutinasaun (agglutination test);
• Raan ne’e diak liu hasai husi vena jugular, maibe bele mos hasai husi ko'a uat iha tilun ou ikun;
• Husi ran-tomak (whole blood), depois foti ninia serum atu halo Agglutination test;
• Haruka mos animal oan abortu (tau iha jelera/jelu) karik kii'k ka;
• Foti líkidu hosi foetal nia pulmaun, aten no abomasal nia konteudu, discharge  hosi knu'k ka uterine no vaginal mucous, placenta (tau iha jelu) atu halo test iha laboratoriu.

Ezemplu Whole blood agglutination test (A) Serum, (B) raan (Fonte:Rahman et al, 2011) 

Interpretsaun haemaglutination test

• Karau inan
• Karau inan ne'ebé vasina ho strain 19 iha fulan 3-6 no ho anti corpo brucella ne'ebé  menus husi 50 i.u/mL sei classifica hanesan negativo
• Karau inan nebe la hetan vicinasaun nebe anti corpu menus husi 30 i.u/mL sei klasifika hanesan negativu
• Karau inan ne'ebé iha anti corpu nebe liu husi 30 i.u/ml maibe menus husi 100 i.u/ml sei klasifika hanesan dúvida
• Karau inan nebe ih titru anti corpu 100 i.u ka liu sei klassifika ba positivu
• Karau aman
• Karau aman ne'ebé  iha anti corpu menus husi 30 i.u/ml sei klasifika hanesan negativu no 67 i.u/ml sei klasifika hanesan positivu

Tipu teste ne'ebé uza:

• Rapid whole blood test;
• Milk ring test (MRT);
• Foti susu ben husi individu ou grupu;
• Turuk 1 husi suspensaun pinta aumenta ba susu ben cc 1 nebe sei kria koncentrasaun 1:30-50;
• Doko (kocok) hamutuk iha tube test no ho posisi hamrik iha tempertura kuarto durante oras 1;
• Karik karau nia susu been infektadu sei iha circulo (cadeli) kor asu aten iha susu ben nia leten, se la iha sinal ida ne’e entaun negativu.

Konparasaun MRT positivu no negativu (Fonte: Research Gate)

• Whey plate test;
• Milk agglutination test;
• Semen plasma test;
• Rose bengal test (RBT).

Rose bengal test  (Photo Saudi Journal for Health Sciences)

Kompara rezultadu negativu (la iha aglutinasaun) no positive, bainhira iha aglutinasaun

Kontrolu

• Uza vasina strain 19 nebe uza mikro-organismu ne'ebé minimiza tia-ona nia forsa;
• Vasina sei komesa  ba karau otas fulan 3 to’o 6 (uluk fulan 5 -8) (durante tinan 8 ou liu
• Vasina strain 45/20:
• Presija vasinasaun inicio dala 2 no vasinsaun annual
• Iha sampel uitoan mak positivo
• Produs imunidade nebe ema duvida

Ad. I.2 Tuberkuloze 

• Kauza: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Iha strains/typo barak inklui:

• Bovine (karau);
• Avian (manu);
• Ema.
• Kazu barak liu akontese tamba hemu susu ben infektadu;
• Iha animal seluk, kazu akontese tamba kontaktu directamente ho animal infektadu (dala barak han organismo hamutuk ho hahan.

Animál ne'ebé afektadu

• Animál hotu-hotu iha risku atu hetan infesaun husi tipu tuberculose balun
• Karau afeta hosi strain bovine mas ladun hetan infeksaun husi strain ema nian
• Fahi: hetan infeksaun husi bovine and avian strain
• Kuda risku atu hetan bovine strain
• Asu no busa risku atu hetan strain bovine no ema nian
• Ema risku hetan infeksaun husi ema nian no bovine maibe laos husi avian

Sinál klinika

• Dala barak, animál infektadu iha tinan barak nia laran maibé la hatudu sinál klinika;
• Persentajen ki'ik mak hatudu sinál klinika (1:100);
• Tamba ne’e TBC labele diagnosa se lahalo "tuberculin test".

Tuberculin test (Fonte: VISAVET)

Sinál post- mortem

• Mesentery Ln sei bubu;
• Ln sira ne’e se ita fera karik sei iha material kinur hanesan keju iha laran, iha kazu balun materiál sira ne’e sai fatuk (calsified);
• Karik organismu tama ona sirkulasaun ran, entaun material kinur hanesn keju ou fatuk ne bele hetan mos iha orgaun seluk hanesan:  ruin, spleen, rins no uterus;
• Karik infeksaun akontese tamba tolan organismu (germs), pulmaun sei mosu nodules (kafuak) ne'ebé kinur ho materiál hanesan keju no  mediastinum Ln sei bubu.
• Bronchial Ln (iha trachea bifurcates) - hatudu sinál kinur ho materiál hanesan keju .

Caseous lymphadenitis in the mesenteric lymph node (Fonte: Slaughterhouse support network)

Granulomatous lesions iha parenchyma pulmaun (Fonte: Slaughterhouse support network).

Metodu diagnosa

• Parte husi orgaun afetadu ne'ebé tau iha botir amostra no tau ho jelu atu preserva;
• Parte isin nebe kanek/lesaun balu tau ho formol, depois submete ba laboratoriu.

Pathogenicity 

• Progresu moras ne’e bele iha tinan barak
• Karik la iha asaun (la oho animal afektadu) 10-20%  husi animal afektadu sei mate
• Teste nebe uza mak: tuberculin test

Ezemplu karau ne'ebé teste positivu ba Tuberculose (Fonte: Livingstone, 2016).

Metodu diagnosa

• Prosedur tuberculin test;
• Sona tuberculin synthetic cc 0.05 – 0.1  iha kulit mahar iha ikun (left caudal fold);
• Reasaun sei lee depoisde oras 72 to’o 96;
• Karik iha oedema/bubu iha besik sona fatin indika reasaun positive

Konparasaun reasaun positivu, inkonklusivu no positivu (Fonte: ICBF)

Tratamentu

• Tratamentu la iha ba animál
• Kontrola so, ba ema de'it

Kontrolu

• Stamping out depoisde test tuberculin positivu
• Halo teste ba animal tinan-tinan to’o incidence reactor menus husi 0.5%

Ad. I.3 Leptospirosis

Naran seluk no Kauza

• Naran seluk: Red water, Jaundice, Ichterohaemoglobinuria;
• Kauza no species afetadu bele haree iha tabela tuir mai:

Transmisaun: Kontaktu ho urine hosi animál infetadu, bee, rai kontaminadu ho Leptospira

Urine hosi animal afetadu ne'ebé bele hada'et Leptospirosis (Fonte: Irish Farmers Jornal)

Siná klinika

• Sinais iha karau oan/animal nurak:
• Sinais moos liu haree iha animál nurak;
• Karau oan la susu, tempertura as, depresi, mi ben mean hanesan tintu mean;
• Membran mucous malahuk no jaundice;
• Karau oan bele mate iha loron 1 to’o rua nia laran.
• Iha karau bot/animal bot sinais la dun klaru, dala ruma mos la iha sinal.

Metodu diagnosa

• Observasaun mikroskopiku  atu haree Leptospira iha urine ka hosi tissue (tésidu)  fresku hanesan rins;
• Amostra (speciment) Laboratoriu  mak: 
• Husi animál moris: Urine + formalin turuk 6/ounce;
• Husi animal mate: urine, cairan aten, kurasaun, ran, rins no spleen
• Animal nebe diak fali: urine no ran atu halo teste haemoglutination

Kontrolu

• Haketak karau oan nebe afektadu depois halo tratamento ho streptomycine;
• Halo vasinsaun ba animal hotu nebe iha risku, no;
•  labele kahur ho animal nebe halo tratamento durante semana 1;
• Karau inan: trata sira nebe moras no isola tiha.

Vasinasaun

• vasina ho bivalent Leptospira vaccine
• For dosis 2 (5 ml), sona   SC interval semana 6, depois repete tinan-tinan

Ad. I.4 Clostridiosis

Moras clostridial inklui:

• Blackleg -  Clostridium chauvoei;
• Malignant Oedema/gas gangrene- Cl. septicum;
• Black disease/Infectious necrotic nephritis- Cl. novyi;
• Enterotoxemia- Cl. perfringens;
• Botulisms- Cl. botulinum.
• Tetanus  – Cl. Tetani
• Bacillary haemoglobinuria/Red water disease- Cl. haemolyticum
• Suddent death- Cl. sordeli

Ad. I. 4a Blackleg

• Naran & Kauza: Naran seluk: black quarter ou quarter ill
• Kauza:  Cl. Chauvoei
• Moris iha tinan barak iha rai 
• Dalaruma bele mós kauza hosi Cl. Septicum 
• Mikro-organismu bele iha muskúlu ka tésidu/tissue seluk mas la estraga animál, maibe wainhira kanek, promove Cl. Chauvoei atu sai barak no halo perigu ba animál

Gram staining Cl. Chauvoei haree iha mikroskopiu (Fonte: Research Gate)

Animal nebe iha risku (Suceptibilidade)

• Karau susu ka vaca liteira  (dairy) no 
• karau naan (beef) – espesilamente  otas fulan 6 – 12 to’o 24

Sinál klinika

• Animál derepenti mate, sem sinál klinika
• Karik sinal mosu, bele inklui:
• Depresa vontade han no prosesu ruminasaun (rumination) ;
• Dada is lalais los;
• Animal  nia ain lao ladiak (ain 1 ka liu);
• Iha ain nebe afektadu hatudu sinál manas, moras, no bubu iha parte ain leten (nunka tun liu hosi ain-tur);
• Parte ain bubu sei desenvolve sai bot iha tempo badak no moras los;
• Iha ran  metan iha parte ain bubu ;
• Karik lori liman lamas/kose iha area afektadu, sei sinti taruti (crackling) indila presensa gas iha tésidu/tissue;
• Temperatura sa'e (40.8-42.8^oC);
• Normalmente animál mate depoisde oras 24 – 48

Moras Blackleg  iha karau (Fonte: MSD Veterinary Manual)

Diagnosa

• Supa ho pippetes depois halo “blood smear/olesan darah”;
• Muskulu afektadu, foti (collect) aseptikamente (aseptically) depois rai ho jelu (atu malirin) depois submete ba laboratoriu atu halo ezaminasaun bakteriál;
• Sampel tenke foti husi animal nebe foin mate.

Blood smear (Fonte: Wikipedia)

Diagnose dferensiál

Anthrax – halo blood smear husi ran iha tilun, antes loke karkas

Kontrolu:  

halo vasinasaun ba karau oan (otas fulan hat ou liu) hotu, depois semana 5 repete fali depois repete tinan-tinan

Tratamentu

Jeralmente, imposibel, maibe karik detecta sedu, bele koko ho dosis penicilin bot (Uza 5- 10 miliaun units)

Pensilin injeksaun (Fonte: PBS Animal Health)

Ad. I.4b. Malignant Oedema

Kauza

Naran seluk: septicaemia ou gas gangrene

Kausa: Cl. Septicum ou combinasaun ho Clostridium seluk

Sinál Klinika

• Moras desenvolve  oras balun (a few hours) depois de exposure;
• Temperatura aas;
• Area infektadu bubu, gelatinous oedema, nebe sei sai wainhira ita buti;
• Sei iha emphysema- atu hanesan blackleg;
• Infeksaun Cl. Septicum bele mós iha kombinasaun ho clostridium seluk hanesan Cl. novyi;
• Kanek, wainhira koa, iha gelatinous oedema – kanek ben kahur ho ran, iha gas (bubles - furin);
• Area afektadu- musculo sai metan;
• Baço/Spleen/ok  bubu, halo ema suspeita anthrax.

Gas gangrene tanba Cl. Novyi (Fonte: MSD Veterinary Manual)

Cl. Septicum haree iha microskopiu nia okos (Fonte: UPei)

Diagnosa

• Muskulu afektadu ho kanek-been tau iha jeleira ka tau ho Jelu, manda ba laboratoriu atu halo teste
• Normalmente laboratoriu, sei halo inokolusaun (inoculation) ba “Guinea pig”,  atu hare karik animal sei mate derepenti.

Tratamentu

Dosis boot kombinasaun peniciline no streptomycine, maibé so efetivu iha inisiude kazu

Kontrolu

• Uza vasina clostridiosis, nebe kompostu hosi Cl. Septicum, Cl. Chauvoei, Cl. Novyi, Cl. Tetani no Cl. Welchii typo D.
• Dosis rua, intervalu fulan 1, depois repete tinan-tinan

Ad. I.4c Black disease

• Naran seluk: Infectious necrotic hepatitis;
• Kauza: Cl. Novyi;
• Halo area nekrosis iha aten (liver/fígadu);
• Species afektado:
• Karau, kuda, fahi, bibi malae.

Siná klinika

• Mate derepenti;
• Animál lakoi muda ba mai, hamrik iha fatin deit;
• Dalabarak animál sei mate iha loron 2 nia laran; 
• Tempertura depres/tun, halo kulit sai malirin;
• Scouring/abdominal colic (kabun moras kumu);
• Dalabarak siná sira ne’e la mosu, mas animál mate uluk tia ona.

Post mortem

• Hare ho kuidadu aten: iha area kinur malahuk (yellowish-grey), ho nia diametru 1-2 Inch (dala ruma 0.5 – 4 Inch);
• Area necrosis ne’e sirkula ho liña inflamatóriu mean, iha nebe Clostridia ativamente prodús toxina (racun);
• Kavidade abdominál bele iha likíidu transparan ka  likíidu ho ran nia kuantidade bele to'o galon 5;
• likíidu ne'ebé hanesan bele mós hetan iha kavidade pleura no perikardium .

Focal necrotic iha bibi aten (Fonte: Leading sheep)

Diagnosa

• Impression smears (mais e menus 3);
• husi kulit superfisiál hosi kanek/lesaun (lesão) atu pinta ho fluorocent antisera specific;
• Porsaun (porção) husi aten ne'ebé iha lesaun ne'ebé preserva ho jelu atu submete ba laboratoriu atu halo ezaminasaun bakteriál ka supa (ho pipete) lezaun hosi aten;
• Porsaun aten ne'ebé iha lezaun tau iha formol saline ------histopathology;
• 2.5 ml peritoneál exudate  tau iha botir ne'ebé steril atu demonstra alpha toxin ka beta lecithinase.

Kontrolu

• Vasinasaun
• Vasina nebe iha normalmente hetan husi purified culture husi clostridium novyi, nebe halo ona detoxicasaun ho formalin e depois purificado no tratado ho aluminium salt

Tratamentu

• La satisfatorio, tamba animal mate lalais liu
• Karik detecta sedu bele koko, trata ho antibiotica dosis bot, hanesan (Peniciline/streptomycine)

Ad. I.4d Enterotoxemia

• Naran seluk: Haemorrhagic enterotoxemia, enterotoxaemic jaundice
• Kauza: 
•  Cl. Perfringens type A (classical Cl. Perfringens)- halo moras “gas ganrene iha ema no enterotxaemia iha bibi malae no karau
• Typo B (lamb disentry)- causa disentry iha bibi oan no karau oan
• Typo C (Cl. Paludis)- causa  enterotoxaemia iha bibi malae
• Typo D (Cl. Ovitoxicus) – halo enterotoxaemia iha bibi malae no karau
• Typo E : halo enterotoxaemia iha animais
• Typo F: Haemorrhagic enteritis iha ema

Animal ne'ebé iha risku

• Animal ne'ebé nurak (fulan 8 to'o tinan 2), mas iha adultu mós bele
• Animais ne'ebé iha karau oan ne'ebé han di'ak no karau oan ne'ebé  nia inan susu-been barak
• Season (estação) ne'ebé  fornese hahan barak, hanesan tempu udan.

Sinal klinika

• Kabén sulin  (salivação), ain nakdedar,  bila’an, bulak (mania), temperatura no pulse (pulsu) normál, maibe antes atu mate, temperatura tun
• Karau balu bele rekupera iha loron 3-4 nia laran
• Iha kazu perakute, animal mate lahatudu sinaál  klinika

Karau mate derepente tanba enterotoxaemia (Fonte: CONtexto Ganadero)

Sinál post mortem

• Abomasum no intestino iha area mean;
• Edema pulmaun;
• Ptechial haemorrhages iha rins;
• Haemorrhagic enteritis iha intestino tomak, dala ruma peritonitis;
• Haemorrhagic iha musculo hotu.

 Imajen karau oan nia  jejunum mucosa hatudu diffuse congestion & hemorrhage (Fonte: Garcia et al 2013).

A. Hemorrhagic ulcer hosi gastric mucosa. B. Hemorrhagic ulcer hosi  jejunum serosa. C. Diffuse haemorrhage hosi  ileum serosa. D. Diffuse hemorrhagic necrosis hosi  ileum mucosa. E. Hemorrhagic necrosis hosi jejunum mucosa. F. Rins ne'ebé bubu, cortex mamar, malahuk no metan  (Niu et al, 2014) 

Sinais post mortem

Dala ruma iha excesso (excess) pericardial fluido (fluid), ne'ebé dalaruma sai isin (coagulo) ne'ebé hanaran “chicken fat” clot

Sampel ba laboratoriu

• Konteúdu intestinu mazumenus cc 40 ne'ebé preserva ho chloroform turuk balun ( a few drops) atu teste iha laho;
• Esfregaço (smears) husi intestino nia didin balun nebe indika conjestaun;
• Foti mos animal nia urine.

Diferensiál diagnosa

• Bacillary haemogloboinuria
• Babesiosis
• Copper poisoning
• Leptospirosis

Kontrolu

• Vasina animais hotu-hotu nebe iha risku ho vasina enterotoxaemia
• Vasina ba bibi malae 2 ml mas ba karau 5 ml, depois de 3 semanas sona tan 10 ml  (SC)
• Vasina karau nebe otas menus husi tinan 2 ka le labele vasina antes sona, sei iha intrusaun klaru.

Tratamentu

• Normalmente, la tenta atu halo tratamento;
• Karik atu halo tratamento:
• 50 ml antitoxin;
• Transfusion electrolyes (transfusão eletrólito) ;
• Dosis bot intestinal sulphonamides PO.

Ad. I.4e Botulismu/Botulismu

Kauza

• Naran seluk: Forage poisoning, sleepy staggers & toxic paralysis
• Kauza: intoxicação husi toxina husi germe (germ) Cl. Botulinum nebe moris iha rai
• Typo Cl. Botulinum
• Typo A, B, C, D no E. Typo B,C, D mak halo moras iha animal
• Animal ne'ebé iha risku
• Poultry, kuda, karau no bibi malae

Sinál klinika

• Sinais klinika mosu depois de periodu inkubasaun loron 3-7
• Paralisia/Paralysis ain, komesa husi ain kotuk, depois ba oin, tórax, kakorok no  garganta
• Temperatura normal ou tun husi normal
• Iha karau, normalmente, sinais klinika mosu depoisde loron 5 tolan germe iha hahan kontaminadu
• Animal bele mós iha saliva tabele husi ibun

Post mortem

• Nanál naklosu sai entre nehan oin (incisor teeth)
• Presenza hahan iha ibun kulit (lábio), garganta

Botulismu hatudu nanal naklosu sai (sciELO)

Diagnosa

• Sampel husi hahan ou ruin nebe ita suspeito
• Diagnose positive depende ba isolasaun toxina husi conteúdo intestinu

Tratamentu

• La iha valór;
• Poison antidote;
• Wainhira animal tolan ladia'k, fo hahán tenke liuhosi stomach tube, se lae hahán bele halai sala ba pulmaun.

Kontrolu

• Fo hahán ne'ebé di'ak, sufisiente (supplement) atu animál labele hahán ruin nebe kontaminadu;
• Fornese supplement calcium (Ca) no Phosphorus (P) no mineral seluk hanesan  Cobalt, Copper, Mangan, no Zinc;
• Vasinasaun uza vasinasaun botulismu nebe kompostu hosi Cl. Botulinum typo C no D.

Ad. I.4f Tetanus

Kauza

• Toxina anaerobic husi Cl. Tetani, nebe iha rai iha toos laran, animal ten no rai rahun;
• Spora bele forma iha intestino ema ou animal laran sem hatudu sinais moras;
• Cl. Tetani, la sircula ho raan, maibé hela deit iha kanek laran;
• Cl tetani bele mate wainhira:
• Kona loron diretamente durante loron 12
• Bemanas: 10-14 minutes
• 0,5% aqua chlorine durante 10 minutes
• 3% formalin durante 24 H

Species afetadu

• Kuda (risku bot liu);
• Bibi (malae/Timor)- risku;
• Ladun risku mak: Karau, fahi no asu

Sinal klinika

• Espasmu muskulo (muscle spasm), liu-liu espasmu ain halo la'o araska;
• kontrasaun muskulo oin nian;
• Ulun foti sa'e, ain loke luan;
• Karik lamas, isin hotu-hotu sai kaku (stiff);
• Kuaze animal infektadu mate hotu.

Kuda ne'ebé kona Tetanus (Fonte: Veterian)

Post mortem

La iha sinais nebe specific;

Mas iha kanek ruma, iha nebe bacteria prodús toxina.

Diagnose

Bazeia ba sinál klinika

Diferensiál diagnosis

• Hypocalcaemia;
• Grass tetany;
• mineral imbalansu.

Kontrolu

• Hygiene & immunizasaun; 
• Hygiene: 
• Evita contaminasaun fatin nebe uza ba kapa, etc
• Instrumento nebe atu uza tenke daan uluk ou uza desenfectant
• Labele husik rai/rai rahun kontamina kanek
• Immunizasaun: 
• injecta tetanus toxoid iha kulit okos-  Imunidade activo depois de semana 2.
• Hetan imunidade as liu depois de semana 6. repete tinan-tinan

ad. I.5 Salmonellosis

Naran seluk:  Paratyphoid disease

Kauza: 

• Salmonella  typhymurium (common / comum)
• S.  Bovis-morbificans
• S. anatum
• S. derby
• S. dublin
• S. london
• S. meleagradis
• S. muenchen
• S. newington
• S. orientalis
• S. potsdam

Sinal klinika

• Iha animal nurak;
• Tempertura aas;
• Deprimido (depressed);
• Diarrhoea;
• Mate iha loron badak;
• Barak liu acontese iha karau oan semana 2 too tinan 1;
• Tee ran, fevre no la iha vontade han;
• Karau oan hamriik ho ulun tun no tilun tabele tun;
• Iha  leleran (discharges) sai husi matan no inus;
• Iha animal bot:
• Deprimidu;
• La produs susu been;
• La haan;
• Temperatura as (105-107^oF);
• Balun saliva sulin sai husi ibun;
• Colix, tebe nia kabun no merintih kesakitan (groaning).
• Animal bele mate iha loron 1-5

Post mortem

Animal kiik:

• Karik animal mate lalais, enatun mudansa iha orgaun la iha
• Septecaemia & eneteritis: intestino bubu, liu liu intestino kiik

Mesenteric lymph node iha hedgehog afetadu ho Salmonella Enteritidis (Fonte: Lawson et al, 2018)

• Haemorrhagae kiik akontese iha  mucous membrane
• vesícula biliar  (Gallbladder) bubu no sai mahar
• Aten sai bot no dodok
• Haemorrhagae kiik akontese iha pericardium
• Iha ran iha pericardium 
• Pulmaun bele bubu

Diagnosa

• Karik raan ho susu-been foti iha inisiu  moras, bele deteta kutun (germs) se lae labele;
• Husi animal moris: faeces (culture);
• Husi animal mate: pipete aten, mesenteryc Ln, ran husi kurasaun, pulmaun, intestino

Tratamentu

• Ampicilin
• Chloramphenicol
• Erythromycin &
• Nitrofurantoin

Maibe resistant ba antibiotika (AB) hanesan:

• Penicilin
• Tetracycline
• Tylosin
• Streptomycine
• Cloxacillin
• Spyramycin

Kontrolu

• Igiene:
• Hamos animal ten
• Hamos be naluhun
• Kontrola laho
• Isola animal moras
• Sebele oho animal nebe afektadu
• Vasinasaun

Ad. I.6 Clamydiosis

Kauza

• Chlamydia spp;
• Naran uluk nian: Typo organismo Psittacosis lymphogranuloma venereum ou bedsonia ou Miyagawanella ovis.

Sinal Klinika

• Abortu ba karau nebe gravida faze ikus;
• Depresaun;
• La'o ladi'ak (ain at) mas la iha kanek;
• Abortion rate: Primeiru akontese ho taxa (rate) 20-25%, depois tun ba 5%.

Diagnsosa

Depende ba cultura bacteria iha lab

Esfregaço/smear foetal membran, serum sample husi animal inan, pipettes foetus

Kontrolu: Lihosi vasinasaun

Ad. I.7 Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HE)

Kauza 

• Naran seluk: Septicaemia epizootica (SE);
• Kauza: Pasteurella multocida;
• Pasteurella multocida ne’e  Gram-negative, non-motile coccobacillus  partensi ba familia Pasteurellaceae.

Transmisaun

• Diretamente ka indirectamente ho animal infektadu;
• Infeksaun natural hetan husi tolan ou dada  is (inhalation) agente pasteurella.

Sinál Klinika

• Bila’an (dullness), baruk atu muda’an, isin manas, kabén tun (salivation), no inus been sai. 
• Bubu Edematous komesa husi kakorok (bottle jaw) depois hadaet ba  regiaun parotid, kakorok
• Mucous membranes congested. 
• Disturbansia sistema respiratorio, no normalmente animal monu tun no mate iha oras hira nia laran.
• Nakorok

Karau sofre SE (Fonte: MSD Veterinary Manual)

Diagnosa

• Husi istoria epidemiolojia: hanesan animal moras ka mate antes no animál la hetan vasinasaun
• Karakteristika  lesaun nekropsi;
• Difrensiál diagnosis: acute salmonellosis, anthrax, pneumonic pasteurellosis, no rinderpest tenke hetan konsiderasaun;
• Diagnosa definitivu bazeia ba :izolasaun  P.  multocida husi ran no orgaun vital animal ho sinal ne'ebé klaru .

Izolasaun bacteria (Fonte: Slideshare)

Tratamentu

• Sulfonamides, tetracyclines, penicillin, no chloramphenicol sei efektif wainhira sona sedu. 
• Prevensaun nebe principal mak liu husi vacinasaun. 

Principais doenças dos animais  parte II (Virais)

1. Raiva (Rabies);
2. Febre aftosa (Foot and Mouth Disease);
3. Lingua azul (Blue tongue);
4. Gripe aviaria (Avian influenza);
5. Newcastle Disease;
6. Peste Suina classica (CSF);
7. IBR;
8. Doenca de Gumboro;
9. Doenca das mucosas (Mucosal disease).

Ad. II.1 Raiva (Rabies)

Kauza

• Lyssa virus husi familia rhabdoviridae (serotype 1 to 4);
• Serotypu 1 maka kauza raiva ba animal terestre;
• Raiva trasnmite husi animal infektadu (Rabid) nia saliva, nebe iha virus Raiva.
• Raiva hanesan moras animal nian maibé mós bele afeta ema (Atu hatene nia efeitu ba ema bele hare video iha ne'e.

Raiva seidauk ezisti iha Timor Leste (Amaral, 2013)

Species afektadu

• Afekta naimais hotu nebe ran manas (warn-blooded animals), hanesan:
• Carnovores
• Ruminante
• Niki
• Ema

Sinál Klinika

• Disturbancia CNS
• Sinais clinica iha asu bele fahe ba faze 3:
• Prodromal (loron 2-3) 
• Furious/Excitative (loron 1-4)
• Paralytic

Sinal Klinika (Prodromal)

• Mudansa iha hahalok;
• Para han no hemu;
• Mi bebeik, eresaun (erection) iha asu aman no hakarak kaben tamba iritasaun canal urogenital);
• Depoisde periodu prodromal loron 1-3, animal hatudi sinal paralisa;
• Animal hanesan carnivore, fahi, dalaruma kuda komesa tata animál seluk ka ema, mesmu provoka uitoan deit.

Sinal Klinika (faze paralytic)

• Depois de periodu prodromal loron 1-3, animál hatudu sinál paraliza;
• Paralysa garganta no muskulu maseter, normalmente akompaña ho salivasaun no laiha abilidade tolan;
• Maxila tun (menurunnya rahang bawah) iha asu;
• Tuir mai paralysa ba isin tomak e depois mate.

Asu ne'ebé kona raiva hatudu kabén sulun (credit the science post)

Sinal Klinika (furious)

• Faze ida ne’e hanaran:  Mad dog syndrome
• Faze ne’e halo animál nia hahalok “irrational”  no agresivu;
• Triste, barullu  provoka animál ataka;
• Animál iha faze ida ne’e halo sira la ta'uk sira nia inimigu naturál;
• Animál l hanesan karnivora, fahi, dala ruma kuda komesa tata animál  seluk ka ema, mesmu provoka uitoan deit.

Diagnose

• Iha faze prodromál, nia sinais bele konfundi ho moras seluk;
• Labele tolan kabén/saliva;
• FA staining technique.

Kontrolu

• Redusaun ka eliminasaun domestik karnivora no animal fuik ne'ebé sai reservoir;
• Notifikasaun animal suspeitu no destrusaun asu nebe iha sinais raiva
• Redusaun kontaktu asu rabid.

Ad. II.2 Febre aftosa / Foot and Mouth Disease

• Naran seluK: Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
• Kauza: Genus Aphthovirus husi familia picornaviridae
• Serotypo FMD:
• A, O, C. 
• South African Territories (SAT) 1 to’o 3
• Asia 1
• Hospedeiru natural
• Karau (vaca, Timor), fahi, bibi (male, Timor), rusa, elefante ;
• Transmisaun: Aerosol wainhira animal besik malu.
• Bele mos hada'et hosi anin (to'o distansia KM 50.

Sinál Klinika

• Periodu inkubasaun: loron 2-8, mas bele mós iha oras 18-24;
• Isin manas (42oC), depresaun, produsaun susu been derepenti para;
• Desenvolvementu vesikel (vesicles) iha nanál, ibun kulit, nehan isin (gums), area entre ain kukun, coronary bands, dala ruma iha nostril (inus kuak);
• Lesaun komesa husi pontu hyperaemic iha fatin mentiona, depois desenvolve sai vesicles (iha inicio 1- 2 cm) depois sai bot liu tan;
• Iha vesikel (vesicles) laran laha líkidu kor kinur hanesan hare kain;
• Vesicles nakfera iha 24 horas, ne'ebé rezulta ba ulcer.

Diferensial diagnosa

• Fahi
• Swine vesicular disease
• Vesicular exenthema
• Vesicular stomatitis
• Karau
• Bovine papular stomatitis
• Mucosal disease
•  Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
• Rinderpest
• Blue tongue
• Peste des petits ruminants

• Sampel atu diagnosa
• Foti sampel husi lesaun iha ibun, ain ou fatin seluk;
• Sampel di'ak liu mak hosi: vesikel /vesicle ne'ebé seidauk nakfera;
• Karik vesicle nakfera ona, foti husi lesaun ain nian;
• Líkidu vesikel (vesicles), supa ho daun/syringa no tau iha botir ne'ebé steril (la tau preservative);
• Foti vesicle nia kulit takan, tau ba 10 ml glycerol-phosphate buffer

Diagnose

• Complement fixation test
• ELISA test uza cairan vesicle
• Isolasaun virus

Imajen  Food and Mouth disease  hatudu vesikel iha nanál 

Ad. II.3 Lingua azul

Kauza

Orbivirus husi familia  reoviridae

Virus ne’e hadaet husi Culicoides spp

Sinal Klinika

• Dyspnea (dada iis araska);
•  Hyperaemia (muzzle-ibun, ibun kulit no tilun);
• Pyrexia (too 42oC);
• Depresaun;
• Inflamasaun;
• Ulceration, erosion no necrosis husi mukosa ibun nian;
• Nanal azul (cyanotic), ain at (tamba coronitis), torticolis, vomite/muta

Coronitis (credit FAO)

Erosaun no mean iha mukosa ibun nian (Credit: The center of Food Security and Public Health)

Diagnosa

• Isolasaun virus diretamente iha manu oan (chicken embryo) nebe inokula intravascular ou ba bibi malae ne'ebé iha suseptibilidade
• Serum neutralisation test
• Serological test:
• Complement fixation test
• Agar gel difusion test
• ELISA
• Serum neutralisation

Kontrolu

• Vasinsaun;
• La bele vasina bibi male nebe gravida.

Ad. II.4 Gripe aviaria /Avian influenza (AI)

1. Kauza: Orthomyxovirus;
2. Familia influenza virus clasifika ba typo 3: A, B, C;
3. AIV nebe halo animal moras partensi ba influenza typo A;
4. Influenza typo A iha strain 16.

Sinal Klinika

• Sinais respiratoriu;
• Produsaun manu tolun tun;
• Diarrhoea kor verde, cyanosis, edema iha ulun, baber (leten ho kraik), ran sai husi ibun no inus, sinusitis.

Sinál Avian infleunza (Capczinsky et.al)

Diagnosa

Isola virus iha manu oan (embryonating chicken eggs) resulta iha alantoic fluid nebe agglutinates RBC

Prevensaun

• Vasinsaun;
• Komplikasaun:
• 16 antigenic husi haemoglutinin nebe diferente.

Ad. II.5 Newcastle Disease (ND)

Kauza

• family Paramyxoviridae, genus Avulavirus;
• Tuir nia virulensia, ND bele fahe ba groupo tolu:
• Lentogenic
• Mesogenic
• Velogenic

Species afektadu

• Manu barak (fuik no maus);
• Ema bele mós hetan infeksaun : sinal nebe bele haree mak: matan mean (sorin ka rua hotu), mata ben suli, matan bubu, no matan ran.

Transmisaun

• Kontaktu diretamente ho manu infektadu; principalmente liu husi  tolan (manu ten/tuir ibun) no
• Dada iis, muta, hahan, be’e, ema nia roupa, botas, manu tolun nia fatin etc.

Sinál Klinika (lentogenic)

• Sinal ladun klaru, hanesan diturbansia sistema respiratorio nebe kman; mear;
• Dada is araska (gasping), fani;
• Karik iha infeksaun seluk husi agente moras seluk bele halo moras sai todan liu
• Mortalidade : kiik liu.

Sinal Klinika (mesogenic)

• Bele halo moras nebe todan hatudu husi sinal respiratorio no sinal neurologico;
• Mortalidade: kiik (<10%);
• Karik iha infeksaun sekunder bele resulta iha sinal nebe todan.

Sinal Klinika (velogenic)

• Halo moras nebe todan ba manu liu-liu iha sistema respiratorio no sistema nervous;
• Sinal sira ne mak: isin fraku (kolen), la iha vontade han, liras nakloke, matan bubu;
• Manu sei hetan diare nebe matak ou mutin, dada is araska (dyspnoea) no inflammasaun manu ulun no kakorok, kor azul ( cyanotic discoloration);
• Sinal ikus mai mak hatudu sinal nervous ou sinal neurologic hanesan: nakdedar/tremors, paralisa ba liras no ain, torticollis;
• Manu tolun sei kasar ou kulit mihis liu;
• Manu mate derepenti, ho sinal nebe uit oan ou la iha sinal;
• Manu nebe konsege moris hatudu sinal nervous (neurologic);
• Morbidity and mortality nebe as bele too 100% ba manu nebe la hetan vasinasaun.

Moras ND hatudu sinál torticolis (Credit Poultry World)

Diferensial diagnosa

• Fowl cholera;
• Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI);
• Laryngotracheitis;
• Fowl pox (diphtheritic form);
• Mycoplasmosis;
• Infectious bronchitis;
• Aspergillosis;
• Gestaun nebe la los, por exemplo be nebe la iha, no nutrisaun nebe insufisiente no ventilasaun nebe la dun dia'k.

Diagnostic test

• Haemoglutinating inhibition test (HIT)
• Serum neutralization test in embryonated egg ou cell culture

Mekanismu teste  HIT (Microbeonline)

Kontrolu

• Karantina manu foun nebe tama iha ita nia uma kain;
• Vasinasaun ND;
• Tinan ida dala 3;
• Vasinasaun gratuita husi MAP.

Ad II.6 Classical swine fever (CSF)

• Kauza: Virus husi Familia Flaviviridae, genus Pestivirus, serotype ida, dividir ba genotype tolu no subtype 10
• Hospedeiro: fahi (hakiak no fuik) sai hanesan natural reservoir ba virus classical swine fever. 

Transmisaun

• Liu husi oral (ibun) no oronasal (inus), via kontaktu directa ou indirectamente. 
• Kontaktu directa liu husi (secretions, excretions, semen, ran) 
• Hadaet liu husi visitantes nebe mai iha luhan, veterinario medicos sira, ema nebe kontratu fahi
• Kontaktu Indirecta liu husi kareta, roupa, no instrument nebe uza iha luhan

Fontes infesaun

• Ran, secretions no excretions (oronasal no lachrymal discharges, urine, faeces no
• semen) no orgaun husi animal nebe moras ou mate, incluindo naan.
• Fahi oan nebe hetan ifekasaun husi inan, hasai  virus durante fulan  6–12 antes mate

Route Infesaun

• Tolan, contacto ho conjunctiva ou mucous membranes, kulit nebe kanek, genital transmission, artificial insemination

Sinal Klinika

Fahi halibur hamutuk hanesan malirin (Total Croatia News)

• Acute form (more virulent virus strains and/or younger pigs);
• Isin manas (41°C);
• Anorexia;
• Leucopenia;
• Multifocal hyperaemia no haemorrhagic lesions iha kulit;
• Conjunctivitis;
• lymph nodes nebe bubu;
• Cyanosis iha kulit liu-liu iha tilun, ain, ikun;
• Konstipasaun tuir ho diarrhoea;
• Muta (dala ruma);
• Dada is araska (Dyspnoea), mear;
• Ataxia;
• Fahi halibur hamutuk (hanesan malirin);

• Mate iha loron 5–25 depois de sinal klinis ita haree;
• Mortalidade iha fahi kiik as bele too 100% .

Haemorrhagic iha rins (Sanidad Animal)

Diagnostic test

• Tests nebe rekomenda husi OIE: 
• Neutralisation peroxidase-linked assay 
• Fluorescent antibody virus neutralisation 
• ELISA 

Prevensaun

• Komunikasaun nebe efektif entre autoridade veterinario, veterinario medico nebe halo praktek no agricultores fahi nian
• Relatorio kona ba acontesemento moras fahi husi agricultor sira
• Halo karantina ba fahi nebe foin sosa ou foin mai
• Survei nebe diak atu detecta moras CSF
• Prevene fahi hakiak kontaktu fahi fuik
• Vasinasaun 

Ad. II.7 Doenca de Gumboro

• Naran seluk: Infectious bursal Disease
• Akontesemento primeiru iha Gumboro, Delaware, tan ne’e moras ne’e hanaran “Gumboro”
• Kauza: Birnaviridae, iha genera 3:
• Aquabirnavirus
• Avibirnavirus
• Entomobirnavirus

Transmisaun

• Ambiente contaminado (material/manu uman)
• Species afektado: 
• Poultry (chicken + turkey);
• Hetan mos iha  manu rade, penguins, kiukai.

Sinál Klinika

• Tee-been (watery diarrhoea);
• Anorexia;
• Depresaun (depression);
• Liras-tun (ruffled feathers);
• Nakdedar (trembling);
• Dehydrated/ dehidrasaun;
• Temperatura sub-normal;
• Haemorrhagic iha muskulu kelen nian;
• Haemorrhagic/Edematous kloakal  bursa;
• Nephrosis.

Sinál moras Gumboro: tee-been (slideshare)

Diagnosa

• Bazeia ba Sinál Klinika;
• Konfirmsaun diagnosa liuhosi nekropsy, haree mudansa iha kloakal bursa;
• Mudansa kor no size (ukuran);
• Inflamasaun halo klokal bursa sai boot, depois sai kii'k (atropy)
• Test serology: ELISA

Diferensiál diagnosa

Coccidiosis: Moras derepenti, ruffled feathers, maibé haemorrhages iha muskular ain-nian sujere IBD

Tratamentu

• La iha tratamentu;
• Manu nebe moras, bele rekupera lalais, tamba ne’e karik halo tratamentu, ema haree katak ne’e impaktu husi tratamentu, mais lae.

Prevensaun/kontrolu

• Labele husik manu ne'ebé saudavél kontaktu ho manu ne'ebé moras no materiál ne'ebé kontaminadu
• Vasinasaun depois de Imunidade maternal hotu (semana 1-3)

Ad. II.8 Infectious bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)

Kauza: Virus IBR

• Sinál Klinika
• Sinal respiratoriu
• Temperatura as
• Laiha vontade haan
• Mucoid nasal discharge (inus-been)
• Nasal mucosa mean no inus kuak luan
• Matan no inus teen (mos ou purulent)
• 
  
• Sinais vulvovaginitis/posthitis
• Vulva bubu
• Mi moras, mi kahur purulent discharge
• Vulva no vagina bubu loron 2-4 depois de kaben (climax: loron 10)
• Depois de semana 1-3 rekupera

Sampel atu halo diagnosa

• Sera (serum neutralizing antibodies);
• Swabs;
• Swab hosi nasal cavities & conjunctival sac iha BSS (Balanaced saline solution) laran; 
• Swabs husi vulvovaginitis;
• Foti kakautak (asepticamente).

Tratamentu

• AB broad spectrum
• Chloromycetin
• Terramycin
• Aureomycin

Kontrolu

Vasinasaun

Ad. II. 9 Mucosal disease (MD)

Mucosal disease inklui:

• Virus diarrhoea;
• Winter dysentery;
• Infectious diarrhoea;
• Epizootic enteritis;
• Muzzle disease;
• Mycotic stomatitis;
• Infectious bovine ulcerative stomatitis no;
• Vesicular stomatitis.

Ad. II.9a Mucosal disease & virus diarrhoea

• Naran seluk: Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD)
• Kauza: Mucosal disease virus
• Mucosal disease & virus diarrhoea antes 1962, moras rua ne’e la tau hamutuk, maibe keta-ketak, maibe agora hamutuk deit tamba ikus mai ema hatene ninia kauza ida de'it:  virus nebe antigenitikamente  iha relasaun ho virus C24V

Sinál Klinika

• Febre, diarrhoea, dysentry, stomatitis, salivation, inis ben sai, rhinitis;
• Iha kazu sporadik: hotu iha semana 1-2;
• Temperatura as (104-106oF), fila fali ba normal depois de loron 2-5;
• Diarrhoea (verde, ben, iha mucous ou ran;
• Incubasaun: loron 7-10;
• Diarrhoea;
• Laiha vontade han;
• Te-been kahur mucous ka ran.
• Temperatura as bele too (108oF)
• Inus-been
• Mear 

Spesimen ba lab

Lesaun husi ibun, GIT inclui Peyers patches, Ln, baço (spleen),  rins & aten iha formol saline 10%

Kontrolu

Isolsaun no quarantena ba animal, tamba moras ne’e hadae’t husi visinatentes, kareta nia roda etc

Vasinasaun (antes 1970 la iha vasina)

Tratamentu

• La iha tratamentu spesifiku
• Tratamentu symptomatic bele ajuda
• Injecta Electrolyte solution
• Kombinsaun streptomycin no bacitracin  PO, atu kontrola infeksaun sekundariu

Ad.II.9b Winter dysentery, infectious diarrhoea & Epizootic enteritis

Kauza

Virus 1 ou liu

Animal nebe infektado:

Karau (liu-liu sira nebe kabuk ou iha oan

Inkubasaun: loron 3-7

Sinál Klinika

Akontese barak liu durante rai malirin (winter)

Brak liu akontese iha karau tinan 3

Diarrhoea

Naso-lacrymal discharge

Temperatura as iha inicio

Produsaun susu ben tun

Discharge husi matan (matan ten)

Diagnosa

Karau nia te ben (1 L), tau iha malirin durante transport ba iha lab

Tratamentu

La iha tratamento especific ida mak satisfaz

Kombinsaun streptomycin no Kaolin

Principais Doencas dos Animais parte III (Fungus & Parasitas)

Fungu

Dermatofitoses 

Parazita: 

• sarnas (ring worm), 
• Leismaniose (Leishmaniasis), 
• Theileriose (Theileriasis), 
• Anaplasmose (Anaplasmosis), 
• Babesiose (Babesiosis), 
• Coccidiose (Coccidiosis)
• Fasciliose (Fascioliasis), 
• Hipodermose (Hypodermiasis), 
• Tripanossomiase (Trypanosomiasis), 
• Ascaridiose (Ascaridiasis), 
• Oncocercose (Oncocercosis)

A. Moras Fungu

Klasifikasaun Fungu

Naran moras fungu

• Tuir kondisaun moras, Mycotic diseases bele klasifika ba:
• Phycomycosis (uluk naran: mucormycosis).
• Moras ne causa husi species barak husi genera barak, inclui:
• Mucor, absidia, rhizopus and mortierella all belong to phycomycetes
• Aspergillosis: 
• Aplika ba moras nebe causa husi Aspergillus spp

Imajen Apergillosis (Credit MidlinePlus)

Moras fungus, hanaran tuir agente causal nian. Tan ne’e se agente causal mak aspergillus spp, ne’e sei hanaran:

• Aspergillosis, hanesan mos ho:
• Absidiasis
• Mucormycosis
• Candidiasis

Dalabarak, moras fungos hanaran tuir naran systemic, hanesan tuir mai ne’e:

• Bovine mycotic abortion
• mycotic pneumonia, 
• disseminated mycoses, 
• mycotic splenitis, 
• mycotic myocarditis,  
• mycotic bronchitis, 
• mycotic  tracheitis, 
• mycotic hepatitis, 
• mycotic nephritis, 
• mycotic ruminitis, 
• mycotic abomasitis, 
• mycotic dermatitis, 
• mycotic encephalitis etc
• Klasifikasaun Fungu

Mycosis

• Mycosis inklui moras hanaesan
• Fungal intoxication hanesan: 
• Aflatoxicosis (Aflatoxin), myrotheciotoxocosis (Myrothecium), 
• fascial eczema (Sporidesmin  produs husi Pithomyces chartartum) etc

• Haemorrhagic fungal nebe causa husi fungi
• Infeksaun fungus external hanesan: ringworm, nebe sei koalia detalhu liu iha slide tuir mai ne.

Mycosis iha karau (Credit Anipedia)

Ad. III. A.1 Tinha/Ringworm

• Hanaran “ringworm” tamba Doutor sira uluk hanoin  kulit katar mean nebe kabuar (sírkulu) ne’e nia kauza mak lumbriga/worm.

Ringworm iha asu (Credit: Banixx)

• Realidade ringworm nia kauza mak fungus hosi spesies barak, ne'ebé partensi ba groupu ida naran  "Dermatophytes 
• Naran seluk Inklui:  
• Dermatophyte infection, 
• fungal dermatosis ou 
• Trichophytosis.

Ringworm iha karau (Credit: Farmers Weekly)

Ad.III. A.2 Tinha/Ringworm iha kuda

Kauza

• Tricophyton equinum;
• Microsporum equinum;
•  Microsporum gypseum (barak liu iha Australia);
• Iha nasaun seluk: 
• Tricophyton quinckeanum, 
• T. verucosum, 
• T. mentagrophytes, 
• T. schoenleini, 
• Microsporum equinum, 
• M. canis & Achorion spp

Sinál Klinika

• Produs husi reasaun alergic:
• Katar /urticarial swellings, komesa husi are hirus matan, depois ba produs lesaun, forma scabs,
• Wainhira scabs nakloke, husik are mean ho dimetro too 3 cm (barak liu iha kuda nurak, bot la afekta)
• Fulun hamari'ik, depois monu hotu

Diagnosa

Koir kulit (Scraping from skin lesion), nebe trata ho turuk balun (several drops) husi 10-15% potassium hydroxide (KOH) taka ho cover glass &a examina fungal mycelia no spores

Tratamentu

• Hasai “Scab & scale” husi area infektadu depois sunu;
• Koi lesaun (Scrub lesions) no fulun nebe besik iha area infektadu durante minuto 1-2  ho:
•  2.5% lime sulphur, 
• 10% Thiabendazole, 
• 0.5% ectimar, ou 
• 2% Captan; 10% iodine.

Kontrolu

• Fo nutrisaun di'ak;
• Isolasaun animal afektadu;
• Hamos luhan ho disinfectan.

B. Moras Parazita (Doencas parasitarias)

Ad. III.B.1 Sarnas (Scabies)

Kauza: Sarcoptec mange

Sinál Klinika

• Infestasaun prodús erythemic (Kulit mean, abnormal tamba agentes balun hanesan micro-organismo, loron matan, droga, etc., nebe halo iritasaun no congestaun ba capillaries), no pruritic (katar/itchy rash);
• Escoriação (Kulit superficial/epidermis  lakon tamba koi, crosta (crusts) no sarna (scabs) akontese tamba “self trauma” tamba iritasaun intensivu; 
• Kontinua ko’i , asu hare hanesan kulafur/moth-eaten  no is at lahalimar/dois; 
• Lesaun lolos sarcoptec mange maka papule ou borbulha/pimple. Crosta/crust ou scabs  ne’e resultadu husi inflammasaun nebe akontese tamba ko’i. 

Sarnas (Wag!)

Diagnosa

• Koi /Deep scraping,  depois ezamina iha mikroskopiu  atu hare prezensa “mange mite”

Kontrolu

• Evita kontaktu no fahe/uza hamutuk ekipamentu entre asu infektadu no sira nebe saudavél

Tratamentu

• Fasi uza 0.25% malathion;
• Lime sulphur 2.5%  atu spray hale'u uma;
• Benzene hexachloride 0.1% iha be ou iha paraffin  aplika kada semana;
• Trichlorphon PO kada loron 4, durante semana 5-6;
• Avermectin 300 mcg/kg b/w ou 1ml/50 kg ba karau, 1ml/33kg ba fahi).

Ad.III.B.2 Leismaniose/Leishmaniasis 

Tipu leismaniose

• Iha typo 3:  
• Visceral leishmaniasis ou kala-Azar
• Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ou oriental sore
• South American Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
• 
  

Visceral leishmaniasis ou kala-Azar
Kauza: 

• Leishmania donovani, transmitado husi lalar, phlebotominae
• Species afektadu: asu dala ruma ema

Sinál Klinika

• Asu lori Leishmania iha sira nia “medulla óssea/bone marrow”, aten no baço/spleen sem hatudu sinais clinica, maibe depois sira hatudu sinal hanesan: moras kulit nian, emacição/emaciation, fulun la iha, keratitis/ceratitie - inflamação da córnea; 
• Asu mate neneik tamba emacição no úlcera kulit.

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ou/ oriental sore

Kauza

Naran seluk: oriental sore

Lalar/sandflies distribui, causal agent protozoan Leishmania tropica.  

Species afetadu

• Asu;
• busa no;
• ursu/bore/bear

South American Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

• Kauza
• Leishmania brasiliensis no transmite husi species balun ho Phlebotomus
• Controla sandflies ho insecticides no sprayings

Ad.III.3 Theileriose

• Kauza: Theileria buffeli, parasita erythrocyte non pathogenic iha karau. 
• Naran tuan/uluk: T. mutans, depois T. sergenti, agora T. buffeli)

Sinais clinica etc 

Infeksaun Theileria la produs symptoma.

Diagnosa

• Indirect fluorescent antibody test
• Tratamento:  
• primaquine, 5 mg/kg b/w PO ou 13.2 mg tablet/10 kg b/w

Ad.III.4 Anaplasmose

Kauza

Anaplasma marginale. Vector mak:  Boophilus microplus

Sinál Klinika

• Fevre, anaemia, muscular tremors, fraku/weaknesses, disturbansia respiratorio, kurasaun baku maka’as, asosia ho PCV nebe uitoan liu (low)
• Temperatura 39.4-40.5oC. 
• Animal afectedo : terus, depresa, sofre husi disturbansia digestivo

Diagnosa

Esfregaço/Blood smears ou examinasaun microscopical ba “stained thin blood films”.

Tratamentu

• Oxytetracycline, Chlortetracycline & imidocarb
• Controla: Trata animal nebe positivo ho Imidocarb dipropinate, ex. Cooper’s Imizol, nebe composto 85 mg/mL imidocarb ho nia dosis 2.5 mL/100 kg b/w SC

Ad.III.5 Babesiose

Kauza

• Babesia bovis transmite husi Boophilus microplus (External parasite)
• Babesia bigemina transmite husi Boophilus microplus

Species afetadu

Tick  sei hetan iha kuda, bibi malae/Timor, karau Timor, rusa no asu mas, so karau deit mak hetan babesiose/tick fever

Sinál Klinika

• Sinais clinica mosu loron  8-12 depois de animal hetan tata husi tick nebe infecta ho B. bovis;
• Loron 1 depois de sinais klinika mosu, temperatura sa'e, liu tiha loron 3, temperatura too 41-41.5oC;
• Kulit/fulun kasar;
• la iha vontade han;
• parasitemia 1-5% husi erythrocites infectado ho babesia bovis ou iha kazu B. bigemina 20% erythrocytes infektado;
• Declínio pcv husi 35% (normal) to’o minus husi 20% iha kazu  critical;
• Animal infektadu nia urin mean (kahur ho raan);
• Nakdedar, tata nehan, hanesan bulak, koma, depois mate;
• Karik iha loron 7 nia laran, animal la mate, animal sai anaemia maka’as no desenvolve  jaundice.

Diagnosis

• blood smears husi kurasaun, pulmaun, no rins uza:
•  Giemsa staining, 
• direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) , 
• Smear/esfregaço kurasaun no pulmaun atu detecta organismo

Tratamentu

• Imidocarb. Ex. Cooper’s imizol SC. Uza atu prevene ho dosis 2.5 mL/100 kg b/w injeksaun  SC.

Kontrolu 

• Wainhira akontese  gripe tick fever halo tratamentu animal hotu ho Imidocarb, depois halo vasinasaun semana 8 depois.

Ad.III.6 Coccidiose

Kauza

• Iha busa iha species 3:
• Cystoisospora felis (Isospora felis), 
• C. rivolta (I. rivolta)  no 
• Toxoplasma gondii (I. bigeminum)
• 
  
• Iha asu:
• Cystoisospora canis (I. canis), 
• Cystoisospora bigemina (I. rivolta), 
• Cystoisospora bigemina (I. bigemina), 
• Eimeria canis, 
• Sarcocystis and
•  Cryptosporidiidae

Sinál Klinika iha busa

• Normalmente lahatudu sinais clinica, maibe busa oan nebe infektado todan, hatudu diarrhoea nebe  varia husi mucoid to’o haemorrhagic. 
• depressa, la iha vontade han, dehydrasi no fraku/weak.

Sinál Klinika iha asu

• Kamutis/pale ou diarrhoea kinur, dala barak te ben kahur ho ran, depois iha oras 48, ten nia tekstur  sai gelatinous 
• Te nia is hanesan chlorine,
• Vomiting no 
• anorexia, 
• Asu oan sei negative to’o loron 5-6 ba sinais clinica, iha tempo ne’e asu oan dala ruma mate ona, tratado ou diak fali ona

Tratamentu

Parese la presija, mas se presija karik uza sulphadimethoxine 50 mg/kg lor-loron durante loron 14.

Ad.III.7 Fasciolose

Kauza

• Fasciola hepatica no  F. gigantica
• Species afektado
• Karau, bibi (malae/Timor), kuda, ema, fahi

Sinál Klinika

Anaemic,  bottle jaw,  produsaun susu ben tun, aten at/hetan estraga.

Tratementu: 

Triclabendazole, Rafoxanide, nitrozynil, closantel, Oxyclozanide,  Albendazole (fluke adulto)

Ad.III.8 Hypodermose

• Kauza
• Hypoderma bovis no Hypoderma lineatum
• Naran seluk: warble fly myasis
• Species afectado: 
• Karau, 
• dala ruma kuda no ema, maibe sei bele sai bot/mature iha karau deit

Sinál Klinika

• Produsaun susu ben tun;
• H. bovis dalaruma halo posterior paralysis atraves de pressão de spinal cord;
• Kuando, hypodermose desenvolve iha kotuk laran, halo bubu iha subcutaneous 3 cm em diameter (bele too 300);
• Iha kazu todan parte bubu iha material gelatinous ou purulent;
• Karik kulit bubu ne’e ita sina kuak, larva (H. bovis: 27-28 mm, H. lineatum:  25 mm naruk) bele buti sai.

Kontrolu: 

Kontrolu lalar (Gusanex?)

Ad.III.9 Trypanosomiose

• Kauza trypanosomiose
• Iha tipu 2:
• Trypansoma equiperdum ou Dourine no
• T. brucei ou Surra iha kuda

Ad.III.9a Dourine

• Kauza: 
• T. equiperdum. Transmite entre kuda aman ho inan wainhira kaben/coitus. 
• T. equiperdum presensa iha sperma/semen no mucous exudate husi penis no penis nia falun/sheath no vaginal mucous iha inan

Sinál Klinika 

• Mucoid vaginal ou urethral discharge, 
• Oedema genitals, vulva to’o susu matan/udder, parte ventral abdomen bubu, 
• Penis no prepuce  bubu causa paraphimosis no oedema scrotum no ventral abdominal wall. 
• Regional lymph nodes bubu.

Tratamentu

Berenil (diminazene) @ 7 mg/kg

Ad.III.9b Tripanossomiase (Surra)

• Kauza T. evansi, Transmite mechanicamente husi lalar, Tabanids no Stomoxys nebe tata animal. Iha America do Sul liu husi gigitan niki vampire
• Species afetadu: 
• Kuda;
• karau/karau Timor;
•  camelo;
• fahi;
• bibi (malae/Timor);
• asu;
• busa no 
• elefante.

Sinál Klinika

• Fevre, fraku/weakness, lethargy, petechial haemorrahes iha mucous membrane, ran iha matan, nostrils no anus, 
• Bubu eodomatous swelling (eodomatous swelling ) iha ain, hirus matan, no abdomen. 
• Anemic, jaundiced. 
• Mate iha semana 2 iha kazu acute, maibe too fulan 4 iha kazu chronis

Diagnosa

• Spesimen: Blood smears husi vena tilun/ear vein.
• Ran tomak/Whole blood ho heparin para inoculasaun animal no  examinasaun laboratory
• Serum para serological examinasaun.
• Tentative diagnosis  bele confirma diretamente tuir demonstrasaun trypanosomes iha Giemsa-stained thick ou thin blood smears
• Metode nebe sensitivo liu maka halo examinasaun ba “buffy coat” area husi microhematocrite capillary tube depois de centrifugation ho ou examina buffy coat directamente ho low power (Woo’s method).
• Trypanosomes belemos hetan iha kazu acute, mas kazu  chronic infecsaun normalmente characteriza ho low parasitaemias tamba ne’e thick ou thin blood smears husi individual animals tenke foti (ou lymph node puncture smears).

Kontrolu

Kuarantina  no oho karik detecta

Ad.III.10 Ascaridiose

• Kauza
• Ascaris suum (fahi), 
• A. lumbricoides (ema), 
• A. galli (manu), 
• Toxocara vitolorum (karau)
• Ascaris summ ne'e komún iha ita nia rain. A. suum nia  prevalensia iha Timor-Leste mazumenus 29.86% (Amaral & Freitas 2016).
• Ascaridia galli mós komún iha Timor-Leste. A. gali nia prevalensia iha Timor-Leste mak 7.8% (Amaral & João, 2016).
• Toxocara vitulorum mos komún iha karau oan iha Timor-Leste. Prevalensia T. vitulorum iha Timor-Leste parte Leste mak 18.75% (Amaral et al 2015), iha rejiaun Oeste 10.42% (Amaral et al, 2016) no Rejiaun Central 11.5% (Amaral, 2018).
• Species afetadu
• Fahi
• Ema,
• Manu
• Karau

Sinál Klinika

• Estraga aten, halo cirrhosis, milk spot lead, halo aten labele consumo, estraga pulmaun (halo mear maran, no haemorrhagic spots), infestasaun todan bele block ten oan

Milk spot tanba ascariasis (Fonte: NADS - National Animal Disease Information system)

Diagnosa

• Buka Ascaris nia tolun iha feaces. Ida ne’e metodo ida nebe komun liu iha animal infektadu no kazu asymptomatic balun.
• Diagnose normalmente incidental kuando animal pasa lumbriga iha sira nia ten ou muta. 

Tratamentu

• Piperazine, tratamento primeiro komesa husi semana 5 -6, segundo tratamento semana 4 depois de primeiro. 
• Tratamento ba “migrating larvae” iha aten no pulmaun: uza levamizole ou ivermectin. 
• Atu prevene aten hetan estraga: uza Pyrantel tartrate 106 mg/kg hahan

Kontrolu

• Redus kontaminsaun lumbriga tolun liu husi pratika hygienis (soe ten iha fatin) atu labele iha kontaktu ho fahi;
• Redus kontaminsaun mos liu husi halo tratamentu.

Ad.III.11 Oncosercose

• Kauza
• Oncocerca cervicalis  iha kuda
• Oncocerca gibsoni iha karau (beef nodule worm)
• Oncocerca gutturosa (wander worm).
• Oncocerca lienalis (gastrosplenic ligament worm)

Oncocerca cervicalis  iha kuda

• Lumbriga adulto (30 cm) hetan iha ligamentum nuchae. 
• Microfilariae iha kulit, liu-liu iha kulit nebe taka ligamentum nuchae , maibe bele mos iha regiaun umbilical.

Oncocerca gibsoni

• Lumbriga nia naruk 190 mm, kesi an iha nodular lessions,
• Iha connective tissue iha area hirus matan/brisket region no besik ain tur/stifle joint. 
• Transmited via lalar/sand flies. 
• Sand flies hatama microfilariae kuando han, depois de loron 20 desenvolve iha lalar
• Sira discharge infective larvae iha sira nia tata fatin. 
• Nodules ho ukuran 2.5 cm nebe persisti iha tempo naruk sai fatuk/classified.

lumbriga Onchocerca gibsoni iha knuuk laran, hatudu lumbriga ne'ebé beli iha laran (Fonte: Sundar et al 2017)

Lumbriga Onchocerca gibsoni inan ne'ebé hasai hosi knuuk laran (Fonte: Sundar et al, 2017)

Oncocerca gutturosa 

• La forma nodule, maibe latan/hela livre iha surface husi connective tissue, umumnya iha medial surface husi ligamentum nuchae; 
• Parasite nia naruk mak 5.5  cm long (akontese mos iha kuda).

Oncocerca lienalis

Hetan iha connective tissue entre spleen no rumen

Sinál Klinika (O. cervicalis) 

• Lesaun iha ligamentum nuchae, observa wainhira nodule ou bubu naben/nakfera,
• Dermatitis, lesaun ocular;
• Nodules bot iha ligamentum nuchae;
• Alopecia no scaling iha ulun, kakorok, kabas, no ventral midline, parese akompanha ho pruritis.

Estrutura animal hatudu ligamentun Nuchae (Fonte Fox run Equine Centre)

Diagnosa

• Biopsies nodules, deep scrapings. Incubasi biopsy iha 5 mL normal saline durante oras 12,  37oC.
• Hasai foer husi kulit no auamenta turuk 40% formalin balun, centrifuge @ 1500 rpm durante 10 minutes, Pinta/stain sediment ho methylene blue, depois examina ho microscop.

Tratamentu

• La iha ba lumbriga adultu.
• Diethylcarbamazine  4 mg/kg lor-loron durante loron 21  atu oho micrifilaraie. 
• Ivermectin mos effective, kuando uza dosis single 0.2 mg/kg sona IM.

Kontrolu

Atravez de controla vector (lalar/sand flies no mosquito).


Bibliografia

1. Amaral, A.C. & Freitas, J. da C., 2016. The prevalence of round worm (Ascaris suum) in pigs in Timor Leste. In S. Smith et al., eds. Timor Leste, The local, the Regional and the Global. Dili: Timor Leste Studies Asscoation, pp. 142–148.
2. Amaral, A.C. & Alberto Agostinho Pereira da Costa João, 2016. Prevalence of Ascaridia galli in village chickens in Timor Leste. Revista Cientifica Multidiciplinar da Sociedade Timorense, 2(2), pp.59–66.
3. Amaral, A. C & Freitas, J da C., Noronha, A. M da C. G (2015). Prevalence of Bali cattle calves in Eastern
         Region of Timor Leste.  Revista Cientifica (Veritas) Vol. 3, No. 2 P 53-60. Universidade Nacional Timor
         Lorosa’ e (UNTL).
4. Amaral, A.C., 2018. Prevalence of toxocara vitulorum in Bali cattle calves in central region of Timor- Leste. In S. N. and T. T. Peter Job, Antero B. da Silva, Nuno Canas Mendes, Alarico da Costa Ximenes, Mica Barreto Soares, ed. New Research on Timor-Leste: A TLSA Research Conference. Liceu, Dili: Timor Leste Studies Asscoation, pp. 118–122. Available at: http://www.tlstudies.org/ConfPro2017.html.
5. Amaral, Acacio Cardoso & Viana, L.M.J., 2018. Vaccination of livestock in the western region of Timor-Leste: How successful is it? In  and T. T. Peter Job, Antero B. da Silva, Nuno Canas Mendes, Alarico do Costa Ximenes, Mica Barreto Soares, Sara Niner, ed. ew Research on Timor-Leste: A TLSA Research Conference, Liceu Campus. Liceu, Dili: Timor Leste Studies Asscoation, pp. 123–126. Available at: http://www.tlstudies.org/ConfPro2017.html.
6. Amaral, A.C., Ward, M.P. & da Costa Freitas, J., 2014. Estimation of roaming dog populations in Timor Leste. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 113(4), pp.608–613. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259447049_Estimation_of_roaming_dog_populations_in_Timor_Leste.
7. Bino Sundar, S.T., Dhivya, B., Jyothimol, G. et al. Incidence of Onchocerca gibsoni in subcutaneous nodules of cross bred Jersey cows: case report. J Parasit Dis 41, 473–475 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-016-0831-0
8. Jorge P. Garcia, Mark Anderson, Patricia Blanchard, Asli Mete, Francisco A. Uzal, Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 25(3) 438–44
9. Kapczynski, D. R. Mary Pantin-Jackwood, Sofia G. Guzman, Yadira Ricardez, Erica Spackman, Kateri Bertran, David L. Suarez, David E. Swayne
   Journal of Virology Jul 2013. Characterization of the 2012 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H7N3 Virus Isolated from Poultry in an Outbreak in Mexico: Pathobiology and Vaccine Protection
10.  87 (16) 9086-9096; DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00666-13
11. Lawson, B., Franklinos, L.H.V., Rodriguez-Ramos Fernandez, J. et al. Salmonella Enteritidis ST183: emerging and endemic biotypes affecting western European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) and people in Great Britain. Sci Rep 8, 2449 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-18667-2
12. Livingstone, 2016. NZ: Tb testing important for food safety. Available online at https://www.barfblog.com/2016/06/nz-tb-testing-important-for-food-safety/. Accessed 26-05-2020
13. YJ Niu, GW Wang, HY Ma, KX Yu, YJ Qu, ZD Zhang, RC Yue, CW Lv and SD Liu, 2015. A comprehensive diagnosis of deer enterotoxaemia caused by Clostridium perfringens A in Shandong province, China. Inter J Vet Sci, 4(1): 44-49. www.ijvets.com 
14. Rahman,Shahinuzzaman, A, Saha, A, Sufian, M, Rahman, M, Hossain, M, (2011). Prevalence of Salmonella infection in naturally infected layer of birds in Bangladesh